Modern Science And Materialism Essays (1942 words) - Ontology

Present day Science And Materialism Present day Science and realism What is genuine? This inquiry has bewildered numerous what is extremely genuine or what is reality. Reality as I will clarify is one that is as indicated by realism and demonstrated by science. Realism is characterized, as the mystical view holding that issue alone is genuine. This is the thing that Hugh Elliot demonstrates in his contention Modern Science and Materialism. By utilization of his contention I will respond to the inquiries of what is genuine, what people need to know, in the event that it is conceivable to comprehend what is genuine and how, how to separate genuine for non-genuine, where people fit in, and how we can profit by realism. To start with, what is genuine? The truth is just a single thing, and it is all standards of issue and vitality. At the point when you connect and contact something it is matter, when you look to the skies surrounding you sense this truth of issue and vitality from the light in the sky to the ground underneath us. Elliot says that the ?universe comprises of issue and vitality in a condition of lasting change.?(Pg. 307 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) What Elliot is stating is matter is all items being observed, vitality comprising of movement, heat, light, stable, power, and so forth., and lasting change is genuine. This lasting change implies that everything when you investigate our universe it never stops comparative with the remainder of the universe, and even science has demonstrated this with the second law of thermodynamics it expresses that all frameworks will change immediately to less arranged. Presently this is a terrifying idea that we wouldn't have the option to get a handle on the real world on the off chance that it generally changes all alone. This brings up a major issue, how might we comprehend or live as indicated by the real world on the off chance that it generally is evolving? All things considered, there is no compelling reason to stress over this reality of progress, since we can see how it functions we our not vulnerable against nature. The universe will change as per Elliot and science, yet the universe is definitely not a disorganized spot. It has methods or fixed arrangements that is tails it gives us people's information about occasions so sure that we can foresee what's to come. Elliot additionally expresses this he says that the universe ?it follows certain fixed arrangements for the most part called laws-which are clear to such an extent that even in the current situation with information numerous future occasions can be forecasted with certainty.?(Pg. 308 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) Yes, presently we have something to follow as indicated by reality it is these, as Elliot states, laws. Yet, not at all like the laws of the administration that are in some cases hard to adhere to these laws of the universe our ?fixed groupings? that can't be broken, and what a consolation. I have just referenced one of these laws, however there is still others that oversee us for our great. One is the law of gravity that expresses that enormous masses will apply a draw on different masses, and this is a law to benefit humankind. For if huge masses didn't pull in we would lose our climate to space thus too we would be extinguished into space. However, we have these laws that administer reality, yet is it feasible for us to pick up the information on all reality? All things considered, for us as people to have information we should have the realities, a definitive realities of the real world. At the point when a psyche has a modest quantity of genuine realities the truth that he builds is less genuine. The more realities that we can gather the closer we get the chance to genuine reality or what is extremely genuine. Hugh Elliot realized this he states ?before we can perceive the more profound connections of presence and the universe, we should think about these extreme facts.?(Pg. 308 Modern Science and Materialism, Hugh Elliot) This is the manner by which is we know reality we should build it out of realities, and as Elliot expressed we should think about these extreme realities. This is the thing that makes Elliots contention so natural to accept in light of the fact that he realized where to go to get these realities he picked up information before he gave his contention. To cause this simple how frequently to have you believed that without a doubt you knew

Alternatives to Custodial Sentences for Female Offenders

Options in contrast to Custodial Sentences for Female Offenders This thesis addresses the expansion in the female jail populace as of late. It at that point proceeds to diagram a few reasons against detaining ladies, taking a gander at the options in contrast to custodial sentences, and the past and up and coming approach. It recommends that options ought to be considered far beyond custodial sentences as these might be increasingly proper for the requirements of ladies. (2) Introduction Over the most recent couple of years there has been an across the board worry for the quantities of ladies that are detained. Somewhere in the range of 1993 and 2003, the female populace expanded by practically 200% . Many have worries about this, for instance, The Howard League for Penal Reform distributed its accommodation to the United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention, communicating genuine worry at the expansion in the utilization of jail for ladies and the additional issues they face in guardianship. The Howard League for Penal Reform explore shows that 4,394 ladies were confined in 18prisons in England and Wales on 4 March 2005, practically treble the number held in 1993. The quantity of ladies encountering jail throughout the year has expanded by right around 3,000 as most ladies are sent to jail for just brief periods. The quantity of ladies on remand has likewise expanded by about a third. This has implied that women’s detainment has gone under the spotlight for both general society and scholastics the same. In light of the developing worries for the unsatisfactory quality of custodial sentences for most of ladies there have been endeavors to discover options in contrast to detainment that are increasingly proper. There has been a lot of worry about the more noteworthy quantities of ladies being detained for a few reasons. In the past there has been a hesitance to consider discipline to be sexual orientation explicit. As Carlen (2002:3) calls attention to: Speculations of discipline are generally expected to be unbiased: the state rebuffs, the resident submits and the authenticity of the discipline is bantered by the jurisprudential standards of the time.’ In any case, as of late, for instance, there has been expanding acknowledgment that the criminal profile of ladies detainees is diverse to that of their male partners, and the rehabilitative needs of these ladies are additionally unique to detained men. Likewise the necessities of the offspring of a portion of these imprisoned ladies are starting to be perceived. This paper will take a gander at a portion of these issues that are of developing concern, right off the bat plotting the fundamental reasons why the female jail populace has expanded as of late, and afterward taking a gander at how custodial sentences are improper for the requirements of ladies. It will at that point proceed to consider a couple of options in contrast to guardianship that might be increasingly suitable. In doing so it is important to investigate the approach around there to build up the issues and make proposals for what's to come. Pat Carlen advances a few inquiries that are posed to each opportunity women’s detainment goes under the spotlight: Is it important to sends numerous ladies to jail? Are ladies treated diversely to men by the police, the courts and the detainment facilities? For what reason are such a significant number of poor, dark and intellectually sick ladies in jail? Etc (Carlen, 1998: 2). This exposition will endeavor to investigate a portion of these inquiries and the issues that encompass them. It plans to show that there is an immense dissimilarity between the current arrangement of women’s detainment and the requirements of the ladies being sent to them, and in doing so will analyze the options in contrast to custodial sentences for ladies. It is critical to consider sexual orientation differentials now. Carlen (2002: 7) advances the inquiry: ‘Are ladies rebuffed contrastingly to men?’ and accordingly proposes that there are six primary groups of writing that endeavor to respond to this inquiry. Right off the bat, there is the authentic writing which centers around the amount and nature of women’s disciplines; Secondly, sociological writing which puts the experience of women’s discipline inside the more extensive system of control, contending that ladies show up less as often as possible in the courts as they are ‘more firmly obliged by casual controls of family, production line, style, men and medicine’ (Carlen, 2002: 7). Socio-lawful investigations try to set up whether ladies are condemned pretty much brutally than men; criminological examinations endeavor to discover and survey the nature of the constrainment experienced by detained ladies. Likewise a battling writing is distinguished via Carlen, which contends fore assortment of reasons that ladies get a harsher discipline than that of their male partners; and, the writing that has reacted to this analysis, for instance that gave by the official Home Office Inspectorates. It very well may be learned from the wide audit of this writing firm proof that underpins the way that ladies are more seriously rebuffed than men is hard to track down, as Carlen calls attention to, ‘In total, the discoveries of this examination and grant recommend that there is no solid factual proof to help asserts that ladies are condemned more brutally than men.’(Carlen, 2002: 7). Notwithstanding this it is ungainly to determine the sexual orientation predisposition as isolated from the inclination identifying with class or race. In any case, in view of the segment attributes of detained ladies, Carlen (2002: 8) contends that despite the fact that most of ladies are dealt with all the more indulgently by the criminal equity framework (for instance observe Lederman and Gels Thorpe, 1997, cited in Carlen, 2002: 8), certain ladies, specifically those ‘who have been raised in the states institutional consideration, have transient ways of life, have their own youngsters as of now in state guardianship, are living out with family and male-related home life, or are individuals from the of ethnic minority bunches are bound to continue through the criminal equity framework and end up in prison.’ Although this contention doesn't battle with the contention that ladies are dealt with all the more tolerantly with men, it supplements the contention of Lederman and Gels Thorpe: The probability that female wrongdoers may by and large get more permissive treatment than guys doesn't preclude the likelihood that singular ladies get abnormally cruel treatment.’ (Lederman and Gels Thorpe, 1994: 4) As can be seen from the accompanying part, sexual orientation impacts are obvious inside all parts of wrongdoing, culpability and the criminal equity framework. Sexual orientation generalizations can educate choices concerning whether individual has carried out a wrongdoing, regardless of whether they ought to be indicted and seen as blameworthy for a wrongdoing, and for sure, sex influences how an individual may be rebuffed and how this may influence the crook and society. Criminal law will in general render ladies as latent casualties, and when they show up as criminal they can either treated as silly, acting under outer elements or as unfeminine beasts (Nicolson, 2000:25). Regardless of this, it’s as of late that these sexual orientation measurements have been thought of, as Nicolson calls attention to, ‘Traditionally criminal law has been examined and educated as though it’s rules are sex daze and as though the sex of both the people in question and culprits o f wrongdoing is irrelevant’(from Nicolson and Bobbing’s, 2002: 1). This sexual orientation daze way to deal with wrongdoing and the criminal equity framework has now been perceived and investigated by women's activists and criminologists the same. Fox (2002) urges that it is urgent for both women's activist researchers and understudies of criminal law to draw in with the issue of discipline, as this offers a vital aspect for understanding considerable law issues, before, she recommends, writing has focussed on ladies who execute, for instance, yet has neglected to advance a proposal for whether these ladies ought to be rebuffed and how. This paper will endeavor to review this awkwardness. (3) Explanations of the Increase in the Female Prison Population In taking a gander at the clarifications basic the precarious increment in women’s detainment as of late, the investigation attempted via Carlen(1998) offers some valuable focuses to consider. She aggregated a few assessments in her investigation which serve to include understanding. A female Prison Governor recommended that the quantity of jail sentences are higher in spite of no noteworthy ascent in the quantity of detailed wrongdoing because of a few reasons; right off the bat, she proposes that it could be moderately slow and even women's activist methodology that says, ‘well, on the off chance that you ladies need correspondence, you’ve got the chance to take it’; also, it could be because of the rising weight on ladies in the public arena to adapt monetarily without an accomplice prompting more wrongdoing being submitted; thirdly, she proposes, it may be the case that ladies in the past have been bound to go down the course of being admitted to a psyc hological clinic which has endured cuts in financing. A Prison Officer set forward that ladies are as yet being sent to jail for trifling wrongdoings, which is upheld by detainees remarks. Carlen sums up the reactions given as in this manner: (1) additional ladies are perpetrating brutal violations; (2) additional ladies who might not have recently gone to jail are going because of expanding association with drugs; (3)more dark ladies are going to jail so bigotry might be the key; or (4)prison is being utilized to imprison a similar social classifications for ladies that it generally has †the down and out, the most clearly sex freak, and the intellectually upset †however the quantities of ladies introducing themselves in these classes have expanded with developing monetary imbalance (Carlen, 1998: 51). Another clarification is that ladies are getting increasingly vicious, undoubtedly the extent of female detainees under sentence for wrongdoings of savagery against the individual was in reality (at 20 percent) just two present not exactly the extent of male detainees. Fletcher (1975, in Carlen, 1998: 52) bolsters this view: ‘It is without a doubt the case that the degree of feelings of viciousness against the individual

Writing Persuasive Essays on Cyber Bullying

Writing Persuasive Essays on Cyber BullyingThe popularity of cyber bullying has grown in recent years, and the power of persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying is becoming increasingly important to educate students about the issues surrounding this issue. To effectively teach students about this subject, it is important that they be informed and feel knowledgeable about the potential dangers that surround cyber bullying.The potential for cyber bullying to cause long-term problems for teenagers may not be apparent right away. It is important to teach students what to do when this occurs. Because of this, persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying are critical to teaching students about how to react to the various scenarios that may arise from this.First of all, it is very important to begin a persuasive essay with a brief introduction to the topic, as well as why the topic is relevant. In order to have a successful persuasive essay, students must be able to identify with the problems , and understand how the bullying fits into the school's curriculum. In addition, students must understand the various strategies that may be used in order to stop cyber-bullying and learn how these strategies might affect the students and their peers.For persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying, it is also necessary to discuss how this type of bullying may affect the students' learning style. These essays should not focus on how the bullying affects one or both parties involved, but rather what happens if the bullying persists. The essay should demonstrate how the bullying can impact the education of the students, as well as the school, community, and other students.Effective persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying must also include a discussion of the ways in which the parents of the students can help to stop cyber bullying. This may involve reaching out to the bullies and creating conflict within the group. By doing this, it will provide the bullies with something to be afraid of, which may lead to them growing out of the behavior, at least in the beginning. In addition to persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying, it is also important to present a 'how to' guide for the parents of the students. This may include a question and answer section that teach the students how to report bullying to the school or to local authorities. The essay must also include a list of resources, including the names of phone numbers and websites where parents can get further information.Many students also do not realize the extent to which bullying can affect other aspects of their lives. This may include the internet, as it is often believed that bullying can be limited to cyberspace. Students should also be made aware of the kinds of things that can be done to eliminate cyber bullying.For persuasive essay topics on cyber bullying, teachers need to use their knowledge of the written word in order to make the students understand the topic. They must also use their understandin g of the different types of arguments that are used in writing persuasive essays, to help them address the issues that students have raised.

Critical Analysis Of Fahrenheit 451 - 1266 Words

To begin, in Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury incorporated: a censorship aspect intended for the book, social commentary, and the social critical analysis which relates to conflicts in our world today. To continue, censorship can be considered a â€Å"threat† to society, for example, Bradbury uses the concept of the overuse of media and how it can affect the world and the people around you. Furthermore, Bradbury’s key focus was to satirize the excessive use of television and the media as a news and entertainment source in the 1940s and 1950s. However, the irony of this all is the fact that today’s society has come to the excessive use of media by individuals of generations used for entertainment and news sources. Now, if you look back in time to†¦show more content†¦Of course, Bradbury didn t know this would truly all come true to some extent, but the use of ethos he inputted in his novel was almost as if he was foreshadowing the near future. In Fahrenheit 4 51 the society had access to â€Å"media† in a sense but it was very limited. In the book it states, â€Å"When they give you lined paper, write the other way†. This quote is especially significant because of the time period, many citizens weren t as educated opposed to today s society which meant no one was looking to be outstanding and different. To compare, it was in a sense like a domino effect, every citizen followed the exact routine and appeared the similar, however, that s all they knew. Because of the limited restriction citizens had, it allowed the hierarchy to increase more control over individuals. On the other hand, the difference between Fahrenheit 451 and other dystopian novels is that Bradbury s novel does not focus on a ruling elite, nor does it portray a higher society, but rather, it portrays the means of oppression and regimentation through the life of an uneducated and complacent, though and ultimately honest and virtuous, working-class hero (Mont ag). As you continue, throughout part two: The Sieve and the Sand, Bradbury provides more social commentary on the dystopian society through Montag s conversation with Faber and his experience with Mildred s friends. In the novel, when Montag allows FaberShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Fahrenheit 4511209 Words   |  5 PagesFahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury, published in 1953. The novel describes a futuristic society in which books are outlawed and firemen burn any that are found. The protagonist is a fireman named Montag who becomes perturbed with his role in censorship and destruction of knowledge, eventually quitting his job and joining a resistance movement that memorizes and shares the worlds greatest literary works. As Montag struggles over the value of knowledge, he becomesRead MoreA critical analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dreary and Menacing Future of Technological Advancements Ray Bradbury s novel, Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953, depicts a grim and also quite feasible prediction of a futuristic world. In Bradbury s technology-obsessed society, a clear view of the horrific effects that a fixation for mindlessness would have on a civilization shows through his writing. Being carefree is encouraged while people who think outside the box are swiftly and effectively removed. The technology Bradbury s societyRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, the author utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various occupations Read MoreDover Beach and Farenheit 4511461 Words   |  6 Pages English 2342 20 April 2011 Dover Beach and Fahrenheit 451 The classic poem, Dover Beach, written by Matthew Arnold, is a statement about losing faith as a result of enlightenment. In an emotionally charged scene in Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, fireman Guy Montag reads the poem aloud to his wife and her friends. Bradbury could have chosen any piece of literature for Montag to read as a means of unveiling his collection of hoarded books and his newfound interest in reading them. BradburyRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesItmam Azad, Raul Campos, Daniel Flores English I Pre AP Ms. Volkova 22 April 2015 A New Beginning Fahrenheit 451 is a novel by Ray Bradbury, which portrays Bradbury’s prediction of how one day humans will forget the joy of reading. This story takes place in a future dystopian city, where any actions related to books are illegal. The novel’s protagonist, Guy Montag, is a fireman, whose job involves burning books for a living. Throughout the story, the citizens live their mundane lives, which includesRead MoreFahrenheit 451 - Part I Discussion Outline (w/ Analysis and Questions)1089 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿FAHRENHEIT 451 PART ONE DISCUSSION I. SYMBOLISM THEMES i. Overview — Part I: â€Å"The Hearth and the Salamander Part One of Fahrenheit 451 is titled â€Å"The Hearth and the Salamander†, referring to the floor of a home’s fireplace – the foundation – and the lizard-like amphibian with a fantastical history. These are two very symbolic things to our protagonist, Guy Montag. A career fireman in a futuristic world where books are forbidden and any sign of uniqueness is a sign of illness. Part oneRead MoreThe Importance of Literature to Humanity1298 Words   |  6 PagesPoliticians or simply people in a higher authority often use rhetoric language to manipulate and brainwash people with lies. In the novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury shows the negative effects rhetoric language can have on those with an uneducated imagination and that without literature society produces a world filled with ignorance. The absence of books in Fahrenheit 451 creates darkness within the society. In literature darkness is a symbol of ignorance, evil, falsehood, oblivion, despair and the unknownRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 1815 Words   |  8 Pageshappened to write several novels, books, and short stories. He was very famous and I have never read anything that he wrote, until I read this book. I wasn’t sure what to expect because I had no idea what it was about and what kind of story it told. Fahrenheit 451 told a breathtaking adventure, was relatable, and it was almost as if I was submerged in this dystopian society, who was forced to live without imagination, books and a sense of wonder. Mr. Bradbury wrote a great, detailed postmodern, piece ofRead MoreThe Analysis of Canonical Literature 1134 Words   |  5 Pagesmouths (Milton book X). Milton does this to allow the reader to make the same mistake Adam and Eve made so as to understand why it is important to follow w hat you stand for, otherwise face problems in the future. As mentioned before, Free Will plays a critical role in literature as depicted in Paradise Lost. Milton compares Free Will to Gods foreknowledge of events that will happen and explains the difference. While God knows what will happen, he only knows this because he is aware of what choices individualsRead MoreNineteen Eighty Four By George Orwell Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. O Brien spends the next few months torturing Winston in order to change his way of thinking - to employ the concept of doublethink, the ability to simultaneously hold two opposing ideas in one s mind and believe in both: the concept is critical to life in Oceanic society. Winston believes that the human mind must be free, and to remain free, it must be allowed to hold objective truths, such as the statement that two and two make four. O Brien wants Winston to believe that two and two make

Essay on When Parents Should Let Teens Make Their Own Decisions

At What Age Should Teenagers Be Allowed to Take Their Own Decisions? The main problem with questions like this one is their, on the one hand, ambiguity and, on the other hand, relentlessness with which those who ask them require to be answered. What kind of decisions? About what? If we think along the lines presupposed by the question, we should define the unified age when teenagers should be let to both choose what they would have for breakfast and whom to marry. The point of view behind this question kind of presupposes that until certain age children and teenagers are like small kids who shouldn’t be let to do anything on their own, and afterwards immediately become responsible members of the society one may and has to trust. What I think is that this approach to the problem is incorrect in the very least. People are different, children are different, circumstances are different. One person needs to be overseen all the time lest he does something stupid, another may be his own master at the age of ten and manage to do it really well. In my opinion, both extremes are equally bad. When a teenager is left completely on his own, it may result not only in some personal problems – he may bring problems to his parents as well. But when he is under constant surveillance, this interferes him being an individual, as well as breeds rebellion and hatred towards his parents, which is hardly what they want to achieve. Reasonable approach is to teach children to make right decisions. Give them maximum freedom in everything that cannot result in irrevocable mistakes. Teach them to be reasonable and responsible themselves, not only relying on you and your advice. Let them learn to be independent.

My Theories Of My Theory Of Me - 867 Words

I believe that within my theory of me, is a vast majority of traits, characteristics and behaviors that helped make me the person I am now. My theory consists of areas that I developed in such as physical aspects, social/emotional aspects, figuring out if the way I turned out was due more to nature or nurture and many more things. My theory of me also shows me if I had periods of discontinuous or continuous change as well as how strong my resilience is now. My theory is made to be a way that describes, explains and predicts my behavior (Berk pg. 7). Within this paper, I’ll explore all the many aspects of my theory of me. I’ll start off by looking at the domains of development in which I grew the most in, which were cognitive and social/emotional. My cognitive domain was most likely the best one of the two domains. I’ve always been very gifted when it comes to my creativity along with my imagination. When I was at least four years of age, I was able to express myself with artistic things and even had an imaginary friend named Gizmo. I was able to work so well with things such as painting and drawing, that those became my main sources for fun at a young age. Along with my creativity, I also had my language side to it as well. Due to the fact I came from a Hispanic family that always spoke Spanish around me it was the only language I spoke as a young girl. Although speaking a foreign language was a great skill, when I moved to Tennessee it proved to be a bit of a con as well.Show MoreRelatedThe Conflict Theory Gives Me A Better Understanding Of My Ethnicity And Race Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesConflict theory gives me a better understanding of how my ethnicity and race are pivotal in shaping me, understanding my role in society and determines the treatment I receive from society. For example, the conflict perspective views racism and inequality towards minorities, like me as a way for the so-called superior and majority race to keep control and power over minorities. They do this, by perpetuating institutionalized or structured racism, pitting minorities against each other, and limitingRead MoreThe Basic Moral Standard Is Human Welfare975 Words   |  4 PagesThe basic moral standard is human welfare. Specifically, my welfare and the welfare of others. Each classical moral theory has propose human welfare. Some theories completely focus on motives while others completely focus on rules or acts. However, each classical ethical theory alone cannot provide a plausible guideline for impartial human welfare without controversy. Multiple-strategies utilitarianism theory is the most suitable because it provides various strategies for general welfare. The multiple-strategiesRead MoreMy Reflection : An Introduction To English Studies Class1354 Words   |  6 PagesE nglish 202-02, my expectations for this class were quite negative. I was anxious to learn the literary theories, but had no proper training in them. I had previously assumed that this class would be extremely difficult, and that I would never be able to comprehend the countless theories that would be taught in the class. However, as the class progressed, my expectations were proven false. Throughout this course, I have found that I do not have problems with most theories. In my fall IntroductionRead MoreMy Experience As A New College Student Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesup my first semester of my freshman year of college, I begin to think back on my very new experience as a new college student. Between living in a dorm versus my comfortable home and the sudden increase in independence, college life was a brand new experience entirely. To me, it was almost like living a totally new life. However, I have always considered myself versatile and adaptable, so the transition to dorm li fe was not as stressful for me as it may have been to my peers, which allowed me toRead MoreTransformational Leadership And Authentic Leadership Theories1598 Words   |  7 PagesTheories Out of all the different leadership theories I learned about this semester I really feel that I best relate to transformational leadership and authentic leadership theories. During the development of my personal theory I found that these theories tended to list many similar traits, and values that aligned with my own. Additionally, both authentic and transformative theories place a significant amount of emphasis on the relationship between the leader and her/his followers. The success andRead MoreThe Article Gender Role Models896 Words   |  4 PagesHicks encouraged me to reflect on my childhood gender roles as well as how I portray my gender roles today. After learning about the socialization theory I realize my parents were traditional towards gender roles and have incorporated multiple theories of human growth and development into my gender development. I have also learned how my gender roles have gradually transformed since I was a child. Therefore, this article has brought to my attention several feelings and thoughts about my past and howRead MoreAn Article On Theories Of Career Development1090 Words   |  5 PagesThis article is about theories of career development. By applying the theories to my career developments, evaluating the strength and weakness of those theories, then I took my parents’ working experience as examples, finally came up with my theory that should be used when making a vocational choice. Applying Theories to My Career Development There are two career development theories which is quite coinciding with my career development. The first one is the vocational choice theory of Holland (1997)Read MoreDurkheims Theories to Gender and Work1072 Words   |  4 PagesDurkheim Evaluation When applying Durkheim’s theories to gender and work, there were a few strengths and weaknesses. Ritual and collective consciousness were two theories that enabled me to create a strong explanation for gender and work. As I read about the two theories, I imagined them playing off one another. When the women had to fight for their rights, the two theories naturally occurred for them, which made it easy for me to apply. The women used rituals to organize preparation of genderRead MoreThe Concept Theory Of Self1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe process of choosing which of the â€Å"big three† theories of self I identify most with was not a difficult choice for me. The difference theory was a definite no for me. I firmly believe that, while gender does influence, it is definite that a woman is going to be nurturing or man is going to be a provider. The self cannot be put into neat boxes such as those. The rational maximizer theory seemed a little too selfish to me and way too limited by governing bodies, circumstances, and society. Read MoreThe Theory And The Neurocognitive Theory1375 Words   |  6 Pagesam going to use four different theories to analyze a dream I had. Some of these theories disagree with the other, but in my opinion they all have their strong points. Freud’s Theory, the Activation–Synthesis Theory, the Problem Solving theory, and the Neurocognitive theory, are the four theories dominating the field right now, and will be the four I will use to further understand my dream. My dream started in a very rural country side, corn growing in fields around me. In the beginning, I was alone

Double Trouble Or Extra Special Essay Research free essay sample

Double Trouble Or Extra Special Essay, Research Paper Imagine holding a twin that looks and acts precisely like you. Even more interesting this twin is a merchandise of scientific cloning. If scientists have their manner, indistinguishable reproduction of human existences will be rolling the Earth. This scientific vision may happen a batch more recent so many think. Cloning can be ( better ) understood by looking at it? s definition, procedure, and some illustrations. This first measure to better understanding cloning is to hear exactly what it is. Cloning can be defined as an being or group of beings derived from another being by an nonsexual generative procedure. Usually members of a ringer are indistinguishable in cistrons ( Clarke, 1 ) . Even though the definition is comparatively simple, it will be several old ages before these undertakings will be technically executable. Many species are being considered for cloning, but legal conflicts frequently halt the complex procedure ( Grossman, 1 ) . Knowledge of the definition of cloning helps one better understand its hard procedure. The procedure of cloning is long and boring and most uncommonly unsuccessful. After many old ages of failure to clone utilizing grownup animate beings, most scientists started to believe it was excessively tough. However Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute in Scotland found a new successful method ( World Book, 1 ) . It should besides be noted that grownup males have the lowest success rate of cloning ( Okimoto, 2 ) . The existent procedure of cloning is due to recent progresss of Genetic Engineering. Scientists can now insulate an single cistron from one being and turn it in another being belonging to a different species ( Clarke, 1 ) . While this is happening a scientist can besides take a cells chromosomes and karyon, and shoot them into a fertilized egg whose ain karyon has been removed ( Clarke, 3 ) . However another new procedure that was used to clone the universes most celebrated sheep, is get downing to be used more frequently. This new procedure involved taking mammary-gland cells from a sheep and hunger them of growing, so electrically shoot an egg which was subsequently transplanted into a alternate female parent. Out of 300 efforts, merely one survived the procedure, Dolly a lamb born in 1996 ( Worldbook, 1 ) . The creative activity of Dolly is one of merely a few illustrations that have ended in success. Having acquaintance with the procedure of cloning helps one understand some cloning experiments. With odds like one out of 300 ( the Dolly experiment ) successful ringers, good illustrations of cloning are a rareness. However when a successful ringer occurs it is rather a noteworthy effort. One cloning undertaking presently under manner is a resurgence of the Huia Bird. Once native to New Zealand, but became nonextant in the 1920? s. Chiefly because the Huias big plumes became a? hot manner accoutrement? ( Grossman, 1 ) . However in order to get down the cloning procedure leftovers of the birds cells or castanetss must foremost be found ( Grossman, 1 ) . Another illustration of an effort to live over our yesteryear is due to Larry Agenbroad, a Northern Arizona University geologist, and his squad of international scientists, who plan to clone a Woolly M ammoth from DNA leftovers. The frozen animate being will be taken from Siberia and flown 200 stat mis. Once the animal reaches its finish the animate being will be kept frozen in a tunnel. The 11 pes animate being will be surveies exhaustively, but the primary undertaking is to pull out DNA ( Okimoto, 1 ) . This mission has non been wholly cleared yet, so while legalities, and other obstructions are overcome, the animal sits frozen in Siberia. As more cloning experiments are conducted, the success rate is mounting, and as success heightens more noteworthy illustrations will occur. The scientific discipline of cloning can at foremost be considered really awful, nevertheless one time one has a better apprehension of this scientific discipline through its definition, procedure, and some illustrations, one should recognize that some great possibilities could happen in the hereafter. Clarke, Bryan C. ? Clone. ? Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia. right of first publication 1999. 5 Oct. 1999 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.Funkandwagnalls.com/encyclopedia/low/ articles/c/c005000866f.html gt ; . ? Dolly and Other Cloning Breakthroughs Since 1996. ? Worldbook.com. right of first publication 1999. 12 Oct. 1999 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.worldbook.com/fun/bth/cloning/html/dolly.htm gt ; . Grossman, Lev. ? Extinct Animals to be Cloned. ? Time Digital. 2 Oct. 1999. 3 Oct. 1999 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pathfinder.com/time/digital/daily/0,2822,28534,00.html gt ; . Okimoto, Jolyn. ? Scientists Aim To Revive Extinct Beast. ? Seattletimes.com. 2 Oct. 1999. 3 Oct. 1999 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //seattletimes.com/news/health-science/html98/ wool_19991002.html gt ; . Outline Thesis: Cloning can be ( better ) understood by looking at it? s definition, procedure, and some illustrations. I. Definition A. Cloning can be defined as an being or group of beings derived from another being by an nonsexual generative procedure. Normally members of a ringer are indistinguishable in cistrons. II. Procedure A. Adult males have the lowest success rate of cloning. B. First Type of Process 1. Isolate an single cistron from one being and turn it in another being belonging to a different species. 2. While this is happening a scientist can besides take a cells chromosomes and karyon, and shoot them into a fertilized egg whose ain karyon has been removed. C. New Process 1. Taking mammary-gland cells from a sheep and hunger them of growing, so electrically inject an egg which was subsequently transplanted into a alternate female parent. III. Examples A. Huia Bird 1. Once native to New Zealand but nonextant for its plumes. 2. Leftovers of the birds cells or castanetss must be found before cloning can get down. B. Woolly Mammoth 1. Larry Agenbroad a university of Northern Arizona University geologist and his squad of international scientists plan to clone a Woolly Mammoth from DNA leftovers. 2. The frozen animate being will be flown 200 stat mis from Siberia to a frozen tunnel, to be studied for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Reasoning Statement: The scientific discipline of cloning can at foremost be considered really terrorization. However one time one has a better apprehension of this scientific discipline through its definition, procedure, and some illustrations, one should recognize that some great possibilities could happen in the hereafter

Speech Essays - Environmental Toxicology, Pollution, Contamination

Speech Persuasive Speech Material Outline/in Monroe's sequence: Attention: There is half a million tons of hazardous waste per year in the US. The military is the largest producer of it. Fourteen thousand four hundred military sites are now officially recognized as toxin contaminated, making the U. S. military the country's leading "Earth Abuser". The military now directly manages about twenty-five million acres of public land and "borrows" around eight million more from agencies such as the U. S. Forest Service ? which allows one hundred and sixty-three military training activities in fifty-seven national forests, involving three million acres. Which raises the question: How respectfully does the military treat the land they manage? Not too carefully at all. Need: All of this toxic contamination of the grounds will have a tremendous impact on such vital surviving factors as water, air, and the atmosphere. People are not noticing this to the extreme extent right now, but in only eighty years, the earth's resources and atmosphere will be so contaminated that only the most primitive and resistant organisms such as bacteria, will have enough power to survive without a weak state of health. We can already see such incipient signs today: the ozone layer has holes that extent over such huge continents as Australia, cancer is becoming a predominant sickness in society, allergies are reoccurring more and more often and showing up in new quantities and new forms. Society has to finally understand how little they can expect to gain from the earth's resources in only a few decades, and how nature is going to react to all the contamination brought by human kind. Satisfaction: In my opinion the solution to this problem is first of all in understanding what each one of us contributes to pollution in general. "Think globally and act locally"; maybe the best way to get started. Then we should consider the major environmental distresses that the U. S. is facing each one of us with. The biggest factor here being the toxic waste of the military. Voting and acting for the preservation of such natural forests and waters as the Rocky Mountains and water reservoirs, will keep the military actions out of such important ecological regions. Visualization: Natural preservatories will stay intact, and our natural resources will stay untouched for maybe another hundred years. Keeping nature in a good state can only benefit our environment and our own personal health. Action: Support and maybe even fund natural preservatories. Speak up against military abuse of natural lands. And start thinking about how you yourself act and behave in nature. Start with yourself and then make others understand. 3Questions: - Interest of audience: We are the generation that is already feeling the impacts of environmental pollution - Knowledge of audience: They are conscious about the problem but not about to the exact extent that makes it so significant for them to know. - Position: Their position might be: what does not hurt me now will not hurt me in the future; therefore I don't have to care. It'll be the purpose of my speech to persuade them to do otherwise.

Home essays

Home essays The Project Home: A Completely Student Production I think that Home was a well-done play. The play was not long, and it kept the audience on its seat at all times. I believe that the play was very well prepared for, and I could tell that effort had been placed in producing Home by all of the students who contributed to the play in some way. This is why this play was very effective. The play happened to be effective in two areas: playwriting and design. This was my first experience with a student-produced play. However, I was pleasantly surprised by the playwriting for the play. There were six individual scenes presented by different students. Almost each scene tends to deal with problems at home except for the last scene. In The Adminadvert, I like the way Ryan Self portrays the tension between the husband and wife by having the husband ignore his wife. This is an underlying effort intended to show what time period it was and explain why Anna was looking out of her window with binoculars. In Come Home Iris, I like the way Rose and Lavenders pains were evoked through their chained feet. In Accident, I didnt understand what Tracy and Dawn were talking about until the middle of the scene. I think that Dawn Hael did a good job of portraying the different scenes that could have happened or what the people really wanted to say. In Echoes of Betrayal, I think that the ensemble did a good job of using two different versions of the same event to explain how the husband felt useless and how the husband tried to cover up his feelings for the other woman. In Tradition, I like the way Elizabeth and James were used to betray Ellie and Anthony for Nana. It makes it seem as if they were continuing the tradition as she previously did. Finally, in Fairy Tale, I like how the play kind of had a happy ending where as most of the other plays were dark and gloomy. The little girl was able to see her prince even after her ...

Auteur Director Tim Burton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Auteur Director Tim Burton - Essay Example rnered for himself â€Å"an international audience of fans and influencing a generation of young artists working in film, video, and graphics.† (â€Å"Tim Burton†, 2010). Among the many successful and critically acclaimed films of his, Edward Scissorhands and Beetlejuice are two of the prominent ones. In line with his unique filmmaking genre, both the films had a mix of fantasy as well as gothic elements, but still had certain distinct aspects, which has enabled us to study the films in comparative way. Thus, by focusing on the films, Edward Scissorhands and Beetlejuice, the common themes, recurring motifs and filming practices in the films will be compared. In Edward Scissorhands (1990), Burton ‘told’ the story of an ‘artificial’ man named Edward, who is an unfinished creation, and so had scissors instead of normal hands. When Edward was taken in by a suburban family from his isolated existence in a dark mansion for many years, he fits in well initially, only to be manipulated and made as an outcast. On the other hand, in Beetlejuice (1988), Burton ‘revolves’ the plot around a recently dead young couple, who transform into ghosts and continue to haunt their former home. However, with the entry of new ‘normal’ inhabitants, Deetzes family, the couple gets threatened, seeking the services of an abhorrent and scheming exorcist named Beetlejuice, leading to repercussions. The common themes that are visible in the films, Edward Scissorhands and Beetlejuice are appearance and the related issues with acceptance. The theme of acceptance is shown through how the characters accept or find it difficult to accept other characters, who may be â€Å"different† from the majority. That is, when an individual is different from the majority of the people, in the physical sense, he/she would not be welcomed nor accepted. Although, few characters would accept, certain other characters may not accept, causing problems to many of the characters involved. In Edward

Despite the Confederate Armies military advantages, how did the Union Research Paper

Despite the Confederate Armies military advantages, how did the Union Army win the American Civil War - Research Paper Example This paper will delve deeper into the history of the war and how exactly the North managed to turn the tide of battle in order to win the war. At the beginning of the war the Northern states had a combined population of 22 million people. The Southern states had a combined population of about 9 million. This disparity was reflected in the size of the armies in the field. The Union forces outnumbered the Confederates roughly two to one. 1 The sheer size of the population alone should have assured the inevitable victory of the North. However, due to the financial abilities of the South they managed to fend off the advances coming from the northern challengers for quite a long time. The bigger population of the North translated into more soldiers enlisting for the war. Since the North had a steady supply of soldiers enlisting for service in the war, they managed to keep a decent number of soldiers on the battle front as opposed to the South whose soldiers came from the ranks of the priv ileged and therefore did not always have the mettle with which to fight a battle. However, not every person who fought for the Union was in the war of his own volition. Most of these young men were serving in the army coming from the farmlands. hoping to fight in a batthle that would not last more than a few months at the most. Those who managed to dodge the draft did so to the tune of $300.2 Money which was used to help keep the war machine of the North well oiled and quipped. Those who served in the military action were mostly men in their 20's who held strong onto their ideals. Being part of the government troops meant that they were better equipped than their Southern counterparts. Since the south was known mostly for the cotton that they produced, their military uniforms were made of the same material, which made it quite uncomfortable for the soldiers who had to wear the material during battle since the material tended to absorb sweat and become heavy when wet. The Union soldi ers on the other hand, wore uniforms made of wool. The reason was that wool would not take in water, or remain wet like cotton in the event of rain, and it was also more durable. Union soldiers also wore woolen caps which had leather visors to provide shade when aiming in the blazing sun. 3 Uniforms must keep the soldiers comfortable at all times in order for them to effectively face their battles. After all, these battles were fought under the unforgiving heat of the sun or the cold temperatures brought about by incessant rains or snowing. The Union had better designed uniforms in this case that helped them fend off the weather and seasonal problems brought about by changing weather patterns. Aside from the consideration of the treatment of soldiers during active duty, there were also a number of other reasons that the Union far out ranked the Confederates during the civil war. I will be discussing some of these other reasons in the succeeding paragraphs. It is believed that the No rth enjoyed a manpower advantage ratio of 5:2. In actual figures, this ratio translates into 2.100 Union fighting men (50 percent of the military age population) against 800.000 to 900,000 Confederate soldiers or roughly 80 percent of the 1860 military age males. 4 Although the number of forces that fought at the beginning of the war seemed to be very high, both sides experienced a decline in the volunteering forces and

Conversation Analysis In A Real Conversation English Language Essay

Conversation Analysis In A Real Conversation English Language Essay In the previous chapter, discourse analysis has been discussed. In this chapter, we are going to talk about conversation analysis, which is one of the approaches to analyze discourse. 8.1.1 What is Conversation Analysis? People are interested in understanding how social interaction work. Linguists discover the ways in which how social interaction are organized, they tried to describe and analyze those features appeared in conversation; they use scientific methods to examine the phenomena. Conversation Analysis is a systematic study established by the American pioneers, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. According to Hutchby and Wooffitt (2008), how is a normal conversation organized, how do people arrange their conversation in daily social interaction, and what is the role of conversation in between each participants, are the major subject matter of this chapter. 8.1.2 Why do we need Conversation Analysis? Conversation analysis represents a methodological approach to the study of social communication (Psathas, 1995). At the fundamental level, conversation analysis is the study of talk. It studies the natural and authentic conversation in real life situations, especially to determine turn-taking organization, silence and repairing problem, sequence of utterances and transcription. The term interaction could apply to numbers of social encounters. For instance, a teacher chatting with students in a staff room is one kind of interaction; others included a doctor asking patient for the illnesses, a professor attending to a formal academic exchange meeting, or a woman chit-chat with the shop-keeper during she buys vegetables at the supermarket, and there are dozens of examples showing that people are involved in different contexts of conversation. 8.1.3 Maxims of Conversation In the field of linguistics, even more specifically in the area of pragmatics and discourse analysis, scholar introduced an important concept: maxims of conversation. It is the unwritten rules that govern people to make an appropriate conversation. The basic description of Grices cooperative principle govern how people ordinarily react in conversations: Be true, be brief, be relevant and be clear. 8.2.1 Turn-taking Organization in Conversation Turn-taking is one of the most critical and noticeable aspects of conversational structure. Harvey Sacks (1995), who the founder of the conversational analytic system, hold the view that the basic small unit of the conversation is turn. We are going to look at some fundamental features about turns (or floors) in order to discover how turns can be allocated. Furthermore, in a normal, polite, Western-styled conversation, participants do not keep on speaking all the time, as to demonstrates patience, cooperation, social etiquette in a conversation, they will wait for their turn to speak. Liddicoat (2007) indicated that speakers keep changing in a conversation: when A is finished, it is Bs turn to talk. Consequently when B has finished speaking, A take turn again. 8.2.2 How does turn-taking works? Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson (1974) introduced a set of turn-taking rules for people who involved in conversation can manage turn transition and turn allocation easily. The turn-taking rules are set for distinguishing who should take the turn at the next transition relevance place (TRP). A transition-relevance place (TRP) takes place at the completion of an utterance; it is the change-of-turn place (Wang, 2011). The turn-taking rules are ordered as the following: If a speaker is selected by the current speaker, then that speaker must take the turn at the next transition relevance place. Example Venus: Where should we go now, turn left or turn right?Winnie. Winnie: Erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I dont know, I am sorry. In this situation, A pass the turn to B by asking a question. If, however, no next speaker is selected, then any other participant in the conversation may self-select to take the role and start speaking. Example Venus: Where should we go now, turn left or turn right? Hailey: I know. Venus: Yes? Hailey. Hailey: uhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I suppose we should turn left. If no other speaker self-selects to take the role, the current speaker may then continue to talk again. Example Venus: Which is the correct direction to go, left or right? Winnie, Joanna, Hailey: (Silence) Venus: No one knows? Venus: uhà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ok, turn right then. Speakers will indicate their willingness to stop by using signals, such as turning their gaze to someone in the conversation, or using body languages and gestures, in order to stop and let others continue. Also, they may soften their speech, lengthen the last syllable of a sentence or use some discourse markers e.g. you know, as you see or sort of things etc. If certain markers are showed by the current speaker, another participant will then take over the conversation. There are two types of signals or markers. Implicit markers Most of the time, people use body languages, sometimes prosodic features such as falling tone and rising tone can also be used. Example 1 Have you noticedà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ that? Example 2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Cant you see the dolphin? Explicit markers These are different kinds of linguistic features to invite people give response. a) Suggestion Turn-taking by making some suggestions. Example Shall we go to Lamma Island on this Tuesday? b) Request Current speaker may make a request the others. Example Could you please tell me about your journey? c) Question Current speaker will asks question in order to draws people attention and encourage others to get involved. Example We go to Barcelona in the coming Easter, what do you think, darling? 8.2.3 Gaps and Overlaps in Turn-taking Jerfferson (1983) have proposed some of the organizational features of gaps and overlapping. As we mentioned before, turn-taking can be visibly signaled by using body languages and gestures, however, it can also be marked by overlapping (Hutchby Wooffitt, 1998; Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson, 1974). If two or more people are speaking at the same time, overlapping will occur when the next speaker start talking when the current speaker has just completed a thought only, but still decide to continue (Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson 1974). Gaps may be treated as signs of trouble, for example, that the upcoming turn such as disagreements and repairs (Levinson, 1983). Gaps in conversation occur very frequently, such as telephone conversation. Example 1 Joanna: Well, will you help me for these. Hailey: I certainly will give you a hand. Example 2 Hailey: Why dont you come and join me tonight at the party. Winnie: Sure, I would like to. When the next speaker self-selects at a transition-relevance place, but a current speaker would like to add additional information into the completed utterance, overlaps will also occur. Example 3 Hailey: That was a romantic weekend, uh..Ven- Venus. Venus: Im glad you enjoyed your time. Example 4 Winnie: The party should be around seven or so Venus: Well, do you have an extra bed at your place? 8.3 Repairs As Schegloff (1979) said, Repair is defined as the mechanism by which trouble in speaking, hearing, and understanding is claimed and resolved. 8.3.1 Different kinds of conversation repair Repair can be classified by who initiates repair, such as self or other, and by who solves them, such as self or other (Wikipedia: Conversation Analysis, n. d.). Repair therefore can be divided into four types. They are self-initiated self repair, other-initiated self repair, self-initiated other repair and other-initiated other repair. 8.3.1.1 Self-initiated self repair According to Wang (2011), the speaker initiates the mistake or something unknown in his conversation and he repairs it by himself, which is called self-initiated and self repair. Example Ruby: What have you done at the weekend? LiXun: I go toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦have gone to see a movie. In the example, LiXun initiates that he uses the wrong tense so he changes go into have gone immediately. 8.3.1.2 Other-initiated self repair Not only the speaker himself can initiate his mistake, but other speakers also can do so. The speaker himself will repair it. This situation is called other-initiated self repair. The same situation as what mentioned above. The situation is changed. Ruby: What have you seen? LiXun: I go to see a movie. Ruby: (surprised) What do you mean? LiXun: I said I have gone to a movie. In this example, LiXun does not initiate that he uses the wrong tense. Ruby however dose. She reminds LiXun to repair. 8.3.1.3 Self-initiated other repair Self-initiated other repair is absolutely opposite to other-initiated self repair. The speaker himself initiates what should be repaired but he fails to repair it. The others help him to repair. Example Ruby is going on talking with LiXun. Ruby: Then what have you seen? LiXun: A movie, er, adapted from a magic fiction, er, so famous. I forget the nameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Its writer is J.K. Rowling. Ruby: Aha. I see. Its Harry Potter. LiXun: Yes, that is! Thanks. In this example, LiXun fails to remember the name of the movie in the conversation. Even though he knows the detail of the movie, he still cannot tell Ruby what he has seen. The detail which he gives however reminds Ruby of the name of the movie. This situation is defined as self-initiated other repair. 8.3.1.4 Other-initiated other repair In other-initiated other repair, the speaker even does not initiate what he has to repair. Others initiate it and repair for the speaker. You can learn from the following example. Example LiXun wants to go on their conversation. LiXun: What about you, Ruby? Ruby: Er, I think we have to go to the lecture room. Otherwise, we will be late for the lecture. LiXun: Lets go to D1-LP-02. Ruby: No, we are going to D1-LP-04. Ruby initiates what LiXun says is wrong in the conversation and repairs what he fails to say. 8.4 Attributable silences Silence plays an important role in our speech. As stated by Jaworski (1993, p.3), The main common link between speech and silence is that the same interpretive processes apply to someones remaining meaningfully silent in discourse as to their speaking. Jaworski (1993) also suggests that silence has positive and negative value in a speech. His words indicated various silences of different situation perform different functions. 8.4.1 Function of silence Jeasen (1973) suggested that there are five function of silence in speech. The functions he points out are the following: a judgmental function, a linkage function, an affecting function, a revelation function and an activating function. All of the five functions are what we are going to focus on. 8.4.1.1 Judgmental silence According to Jeasen (1973), silence may indicate ones attitude towards the topic he is talking about. Silence can tell whether he supports or he objects the idea. Example LiXun is talking a boring topic with Ruby. LiXun: I think chemistry is so amazing! Ruby: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Smiles and says nothing) LiXun: Wow! You see the chemistry formulaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (He goes on talking excitedly.) Ruby: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Still keeps silent) Its apparent that Ruby holds opposite attitude to what LiXun is talking about. So she keeps silent for politeness. 8.4.1.2 Linkage silence Jeasen (1973) stated that silence is able to bring two or more people together or to separate them. It brings further effects on the speakers in the speech. We are familiar with the following situation. Two good friends misunderstood each other. Every time when they see each other they just keep silent. They, sooner or later, will become strangers. Because of silence, they fail to know what the other thinks. As the time goes by, they are separated by silence. This kind of silence separates people. 8.4.1.3 Affective silence Jeansen (1973) holds the opinion that silence can heal or wound someone. It is believed that silence shows your attitude towards the topic of the conversation, as well as your attitude towards the speakers. For example, people always keep silence when they are talking to someone they dislike. The silence usually wound the speakers. 8.4.1.4 Revelatory silence Revelatory silence is an interesting one. Jeasen (1973) said that there may be some information behind the silence. It, meanwhile, may be known to the speakers or the listeners. What the silence actually means depends on the relationship between the speakers. You can see in the following example. If two closed friends, especially girls, are gossiping, they will keep silence when they are met someone who they are talking about. In this example, the silence conveys a warning. 8.4.1.5 Activating silence Jeasen (1973) indicated that this kind of silence may bring some deep thoughtful signal. It also may bring mental inactive signal. While we are talking, our mind keeps on thinking. A silence is able to show the deep mind of the speakers. As you can see, when we are consulting with the professors, they usually lead us to thinking deeply. The professors, therefore, choose to be silence when we are talking our ideas. The silence can be considered as an encouragement, an agreement or an appreciation. 8.5 Sequence of Conversation 8.5.1 Adjacency Pairs Adjacency pair is the sequence of conversation. It includes two parts which are produced near another (Hutchby Wooffitt, 1998) and is the smallest unit of conversational exchange. Basic form of adjacency pair (Schegloff, 2007): First, adjacency pair involves two utterances. Once the first utterance is spoken, the second is required. Second, each utterance is produced by two different speakers. Third, pairs are adjacently placed. Fourth, pairs of utterances are ordered. They are separated into two parts. They are the first pair parts (FPPs) and the second pair parts (SFFs). For instance, given a question is followed by an answer, then the question is the FPPs and the answer is the SPPs. Lastly, they are pair-type related. Here are some example of some types of adjacency pairs (Wang, 2011): Question à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ answer [At the supermarket] Hailey: Can I get some help over here? I cant get that tin of sardines. Shop-keeper: Ill be right here to help you. Invitation / request à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ acceptance / declination [In Winnies birthday] Joanna: Would you like to dance with me, please? Winnie: Yes. Greeting à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ return greeting Hailey: Good morning. Joanna: Morning. Offer à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ acceptance / rejection [In the library] Liberian: May I help you find something? Venus: No thanks, I can find it by myself. Compliment à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ acceptance Venus: Your dress looks very lovely. Winnie: Thank you. I just brought it from HM. 8.5.1.2 Transition of sequence There are different types of transition of sequence. 8.5.1.2.1 Adjacency/ Nextness To verbalize a turn-constructional unit, every word ought to be placed one by one (Schegloff, 2007). (8.5.1.2.1.a) Ben : Good morning. Bob : Good morning. In the above conversation, Ben greets Bob and then Bob returns the greeting to Ben immediately. (8.5.1.2.1.b) Ben :Would you like to have a lunch? Bob : No, thanks. Ben : How about a drink? The above conversation is called exchange as it includes three utterances. The IRF pattern are initiation, response and follow-up (Wang, 2011). 8.5.1.2.2 Counters Counter means one does not answer SPP directly after one asks a FPP, instead he/she direct the FPP back to the asker (Schegloff, 2007). In this case, SSP given is being delayed. (8.5.1.2.2.a) (Tarpee, 1991:1) 1 Kate : F Æ’Â   What is it? 2 Emily : F Æ’Â   You guess what it is first. 3 (0.2) 4 Kate : S Æ’Â   Pumpkin. 5 Emily : Yes, it is. In the conversation, Kate asks a question (FFP) in line 1, however, Emily does not answer it in return, and instead she redirects the question back to Kate (the asker) to answer. (line2) (8.5.1.2.2.b) (Scheflen, 1961:114, as adapted in Peyrot, 1994:17) 1 Seth : F Æ’Â   Do you love me? 2 Candy : F Æ’Â   Do you think so? 3 Seth : Sure. 4 Candy : But I dont. In the conversation, Candy does not answer Seths question directly. Instead, she answers the question with an insertion of a question-answer exchange. 8.5.2 Pre-expansion Pre-expansion means adding a part before an exchange (FPs and SPs). According to Schegloffs, pre-expansion is expanding the conversation by adding preliminary question in front of the FFP (Schegloffs, 2007). 8.5.2.1 Pre-invitation Before giving an invitation, you need to be sure that he or she is available or not. So, you need to ask some preliminary questions. For example, by asking What are you doing?, if you want one to accept your invitation, you expect the answer to be no; vice versa. (8.5.2.1) (Jefferson G.3:1) (Arthur is the caller; Sylvia is answering to the phone) 1 Sylvia : Hello. 2 Arthur : Hello, how are you? 3 Sylvia : Fine, thanks. 4 Arthur : F(pre)Æ’Â   What are you doing? 5 Sylvia : S(pre)Æ’Â   Nothing. 6 Arthur : F(b) Æ’Â   Do you want a drink? 7 Sylvia : S(b) Æ’Â   Yes, why not? Arthur asks what Sylvia is doing to see if she is free or not. With the go-ahead response of Sylvia (line 5) indicating she is free, Arthur continues to invite her as he knows she is free with the pre-sequence asked at line 4. Finally, Sylvia accepts his invitation. 8.5.2.1 Pre-offer Pre-offer is similar to pre-invitation. It aims to provide the need to someone beforehand. (8.5.2.2.a) 1 Sylvia : Oh, I tear the sheet mistakenly. 2 Arthur : 3 Sylvia : I think I need to buy a tape. 4 Arthur : I have one. 5 Sylvia : Really? 6 Arthur : Do you want it? 7 Sylvia : Sure. From the example, Arthur gives the pre-offer (line 4) to Sylvia after knowing she needs a tape. At line5, when she says Really?, it is a go-ahead response to pre-sequence. Lastly, when Arthur makes the offer, she accepts. 8.5.3 Preference There are different types of responses during exchanges. For instance, when greeting, one says hello to you and you are supposed to reply with a greeting too. Nevertheless, when one asks you a question, you may have different answers which can be preferred or dispreferred by the asker. Like an invitation, the reply can be positive or negative. Nonetheless, an answer with yes does not mean it is a prefered response. According to Schegloff, If the question is built to prefer yes, then no is a dispreferred response, even if delivered without delay and in turn-initial position, vise versa (Schegloff, 1988 c:453). 8.5.3.1 Types of responses There are two types of responses. The first one is preferred responses, which means answers are given positively. Another is dispreferred responses, which means answers are given negatively. In fact, there are some hints indicating the preferred status of a turn. When answering directly and without any delay: Example: Janice : Do you want to go swimming Jill : Yes, I do. Moreover, there are some other hints indicating the dispreferred status of a turn. a) When answering indirectly: Example: Janice : Are you free on Monday? Jill : Well, I need to do my homework, and b) When answering with delay: Example: Hesitation such as Well, Um, Erà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 8.6 Conversation Transcription Transcription of conversation is very essential for analyzing conversation .It should be produced preceding conversation analysis, because it is used as a referential tool for the analysis of conversation (Psathas, 1995). 8.6.1 Tools used for recording A naturally occurring conversation is usually recorded by video recorders these days. Hence, apart from recording the conversation, body languages, gestures as well as facial expressions can also be recorded. These features are very crucial as they allow the relationship between speech and body movement to be observed (Psathas, 1995). 8.6.2 Procedures involved in transcription In fact, the recordings mentioned in 8.6.1 are done by analysts themselves. After producing the recordings, analysts listen to the recordings repeatedly by themselves. Once analysts repeatedly listen to the tape, they can focus on the phenomena that are very crucial for conversation analysis (Hutchby, Wooffitt, 2008). 8.6.3 Characteristics of conversation transcription Conversation transcription is not simply a piece of writing with words and sentences exchanged by the speakers. However, it includes many other different features as well. The information listed below should be included in a transcript (Wang, 2011). Information about the participants Words spoken Sound uttered Inaudible sound Overlapping speech Stretch, stresses, volume Different transcription symbols will be introduced as follows: 1. Latching When latching occurs in a conversation between two people, two = will be placed in the transcript when the second speaker speaks just after the first speaker speaks. The first = will be placed right behind the transcription of the first speaker, while the second one is placed in front of the transcript of the second speaker (Psathas, 1995). Example Mary: Im hungry= Peter: =You never feel full Latching by more than one speaker is represented similarly to latching by two speakers. A = is put after the transcription of the first speaker, but a =[[ is placed in front of the transcription of two speakers instead of = (Psathas, 1995). Example Hailey: Im hungry= Joanna: =[[You never feel full Venus: =[[So do I Latching by more than one speaker can also occur in a way that two speakers end their conversation at the same time and immediately the third speaker speaks. (Psathas, 1995) Example Venus: Im very very [hungry]= Hailey: [hungry] Joanna: =So do I. In this case, the Mary and Peter end their conversation at the same time and then Paul immediately speaks. 2. Audible breathing Exhalations are represented by an h or more than one h while inhalations are represented by .h or more than one .h (Psathas, 1995). Usually, exhalation expresses tiredness or sadness. Example Joanna: I havent finished my Wiki-book project yet hhhh! As for inhalation, it usually indicates surprise or nervousness. Example Venus: .hhh Im going to have my linguistics exam tomorrow. Sound stretch Sound stretch means lengthening the sound. When speakers would like to strengthen their tone, sound stretch occurs. One colon denotes that the precedent sound is lengthened, while more than 1 colon means a more lengthened sound (Psathas, 1995). Example Hailey: I am so:::: hungry Venus: I know (.) I can hear that some sounds coming out from your stomach. Intonation Throughout a conversation, there must be rises and falls in the intonation of speakers (Psathas, 1995). A rise in intonation An arrow pointing upwards is put just prior to the rise in intonation (Psathas, 1995). Example Joanna: Would you like to have dinner with me? Venus: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ËœYes, sure. A fall in intonation An arrow pointing downwards is put just behind the fall in intonation (Psathas, 1995). Example Hailey: Would you like to have dinner with me? ((gap)) Venus:à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yes(0.9)if Im free tonight. Stress When speakers want to emphasize something, they will speak the words more loudly and lengthen the words. The emphasized word is underlined (Psathas, 1995). Example Hailey: I almost got full marks for my linguistics exam, will I be awarded something, Mum? Venus: Sure (0.9) Ill buy a reference book for you to study so that you can get full marks next time. Pitch A Fall in pitch To show a fall in pitch, the vowel of the word should be underlined, and a colon is added just behind the underlined vowel (Psathas, 1995). Example Hailey: I was awarded a reference boo:k(0.8) for having good results in the exam.. Joanna: If you were awarded the newly released photo album of Rain, you would have been much happier. A rise in pitch To show a rise in pitch, the stress is marked on the prolongation (Psathas, 1995). Example Joanna: My mother gave me a big surprise:::! Hailey: Buying you the photo album of Rain? Joanna: Yes:: Volume Increased Volume is indicated by capital letters (Wang, 2011). Example When Joanna is talking to Hailey, suddenly a dog appears. Joanna: Have you finished the wiki-book project? (.) A DOGS RUNNING TOWARDS US! Hailey: Calm down, Joanna. Decreased volume is indicated by degree marks (Wang, 2011). Example When Venus is telling Hailey something bad about Paul, suddenly Paul approaches. Venus: Paul never hands in his homework on time. Hailey: ËÅ ¡Pauls approachingËÅ ¡ 8. Sound uttered There are not only words within a conversation. Sometimes, when the speakers produce some sounds, they are also recorded. Example Hailey: Oh! Ive dropped my mobile phone into the toilet! Venus:(laugh) Why are you so careless? 8.7 Conclusion Conversation is an exchange of information between people in real-life situations. The aim of conversation analysis is to give an analytic description of the organization of interaction. We can understand how people carry out conversation in the society. In addition, we know more about the secrets behind the conversation, such as silence and preference.

Busting Bureaucracy with Radical Management: Forbes Magazine Article Cr

Busting Bureaucracy with Radical Management: Forbes Magazine Article Critique The article written by Steve Denning is covered in Forbes magazine to display the innovative and forward thinking studies that delves into why the Max Weber structure of management fails in today's management model (Daniels, 2010). The article is not complex and does not create a new basis, but rather reconstitutes the six bureaucratic principals developed by Weber in the early 1900’s (Daniels, 2010). With the six principals as a solid foundation, Denning (2011) explains and proves a modern fit, custom tailored, model of management for the 21st century. Statement of the Problem Since the early 1900’s the principals of the bureaucratic management structure have been bred into all white-collar hotshots. This type of management model was ideal with respect to the economical and social environment of that time period. While Webers six principals have stayed the same, the economical and social environment has changed exponentially in time with our societies’ technological advances (Dennings, 2011). With a new society, what was feasible in the 1900’s does not sit well in the 21st century. This type of management hinders rather than helps, for example, Jones (2010) explains, that an over-developed bureaucracy can delay decision-making procedures and increase costs due to a tall and centralized type of hierarchy structure in an organization. When there is a multilayered wall of officialdom between the problem and the solution, this waste of time and causes unneeded corporate stress. Moreover, Denning states that the default mental model o f management is not conducive for the once successful bureaucratic management methods (Forbes, 2011). Descripti... ...lateau with their shareholders or managers. Either way, there are a vast amount of inconclusive variables that could have accounted for the drastic display of data over the ten-year span. Works Cited Denning, S. (2011). Busting Bureaucracy with Radical Management | Management Innovation eXchange. Hack Management 2.0 | Management Innovation eXchange. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from http://www.managementexchange.com/blog/busting-bureaucracy-radical- management Jones, G. (2010). Organizational, Theory, Design, and Change. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. (Original work published 2001) The MIX: Busting Bureaucracy with Radical Management - Forbes. (2011). Information for the World's Business Leaders - Forbes.com. Retrieved May 5, 2012, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2011/12/05/the-mix-busting-bureaucracy- with-radical-management/

Appeal to the colored citizens of the world Essay

During this same period, David Walker exemplified the prophetic tradition of the Black church with his â€Å"Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,† published between 1829 and 1830. Walker employed biblical language and Christian morality in creating anti-ruling class ideology: slaveholders were â€Å"avaricious and unmerciful wretches† who were guilty of perpetrating â€Å"the most wretched, abject, and servile slavery† in the world against Africans. To conclude, the church of the slave era contributed substantially to African-American social and political resistance. The â€Å"invisible institution† provided physical and psychological relief from the horrific conditions of servitude: within the confines of â€Å"hush arbors,† bonds people found unfamiliar dignity and a sense of self-esteem. Similarly, the A. M. E. congregations confronted white paternalism by organizing their people into units of resistance to fight collectively for social equality and political self-direction. And finally, the antebellum church did not only empower Blacks by structuring their communities; it also supplied them with individual political leaders. David Walker made two stellar contributions to the Black struggle for freedom–he both created and popularized anti-ruling class philosophy. He intrepidly broadcasted the conditional necessity of violence in abolishing slavery demanding to be heard by his â€Å"suffering brethren† and the â€Å"American people and their children† in both the North and the South. As churches grew in size and importance, the Black pastor’s role as community leader became supremely influential and unquestionably essential in the fight against Jim Crow. For instance, in 1906, when the city officials of Nashville, Tennessee, segregated the streetcars, R. H. Boyd, a prominent leader in the National Baptist Convention, organized a Black boycott against the system. He even went so far as to operate his own streetcar line at the height of the conflict. To Boyd and his constituents no setback was ever final, and the grace of God was irrefutability infinite. African Methodist Episcopal†¦Mark of Independence When Richard Allen was 17, he experienced a religious conversion that changed his life forever. (PBS, Allen) Even though born into slavery in Philadelphia in 1760, he became not only free but influential, a founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and its first bishop. Allen, recognize as one of the first African-Americans to be emancipated during the Revolutionary Era, had to forge an identity for his people as well as for himself. Richard Allen Allowed by his repentant owner to buy his freedom, Allen earned a living sawing cordwood and driving a wagon during the Revolutionary War. After the war he furthered the Methodist cause by becoming a â€Å"licensed exhorter,† preaching to blacks and whites from New York to South Carolina. To reconcile his faith and his African-American identity, Allen decided to form his own congregation. He gathered a group of ten black Methodists and took over a blacksmith’s shop in the increasingly black southern section of the city, converting it to the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church hence, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. Allen was chosen as the first bishop of the church, the first fully independent black denomination in America. He had succeeded in charting a separate religious identity for African-Americans. Although the Bethel Church opened in a ceremony led by Bishop Francis Asbury in July 1794, its tiny congregation worshiped â€Å"separate from our white brethren. † In 1807 the Bethel Church added an â€Å"African Supplement† to its articles of incorporation; in 1816 it won legal recognition as an independent church. In the same year Allen and representatives from four other black Methodist congregations (in Baltimore; Wilmington, Delaware; Salem, New Jersey; and Attleboro, Pennsylvania) met at the Bethel Church to organize a new denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. To be noted, the white Methodists of the New York Conference resisted the move toward independence, but those of the Philadelphia Conference, in Richard Allen’s territory, gave a conditional blessing, an irony that must have galled the Bethelites (as Allen’s group was popularly known). Of the two black denominations, the Bethelites enjoyed greater growth and more stable leadership in the pre-Civil War decades.

The Leadership Of The Organizational Leadership - 786 Words

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